Inequalities in diagnosis and registration of pediatric very rare tumors: a European study on pleuropulmonary blastoma.

Very rare tumors (VRTs) account for up to 11% of childhood cancers. Dedicated national groups and registries only exist in some European countries. Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a very rare intrathoracic pediatric tumor with a potentially severe prognosis. Due to its rarity, it sometimes goes unrecognized. We investigated PPB diagnostic capability and possible correlations between diagnostic performance and VRT-dedicated activities. The number of cases of PPB registered between 2000 and 2014 at pediatric oncology centers in Europe was compared with the number of expected cases. Data sources included VRT registries, population-based cancer registries, and hospital registries. Data were obtained for 25 countries, grouped into 4 geographical regions. The expected cases were 111, and the observed cases were 129. The observed-to-expected ratio was 1.86 for Northern Europe, 1.33 for Southern Europe, 1.22 for Central Europe, and 0.65 for Eastern Europe. More cases than expected were registered in all countries with an official VRT registry.Conclusion: The number of cases observed is consistent with expectations, but disparities exist across Europe. Difficulties in diagnosing PPB emerged in most Eastern countries. The incidence rate of PPB may be underestimated. The creation of VRT-dedicated groups and a European Registry for VRTs could help to reduce inequalities.What is Known:• Very rare pediatric tumors are often not recognized, despite representing almost 11% of childhood cancers .• Pleuropulmonary blastoma is a rare pediatric tumor with a poor prognosis.What is New:• The ability to diagnose and register pleuropulmonary blastoma varies in Europe.Registries dedicated to very rare pediatric tumors improve the diagnostic rates.• The incidence rate of pleuropulmonary blastoma may currently be underestimated.

[Paracentesis as abdominal decompression therapy in neuroblastoma MS with massive hepatomegaly]. / Paracentesis como tratamiento descompresivo abdominal en neuroblastoma MS con hepatomegalia masiva.

Neuroblastoma MS with massive hepatomegaly is a small percentage of cases of neuroblastoma. It is more common in infants less than 4-6 weeks of life, and involves, in contrast to the standard of the NB MS, poor prognosis given the complications that can have. In the case of abdominal compartment syndrome it is recommended a quick start of chemotherapy, associating or not radiation therapy, to try to reduce the size of the liver, and if necessary, decompressive laparotomy. We present the case of a patient with NB MS, massive hepatomegaly and threatening symptoms for life, in which the surgical attitude that got relieve intra-abdominal compression syndrome consisted just in an evacuating paracentesis.

El neuroblastoma MS (o 4S según la nomenclatura clásica) con hepatomegalia masiva supone un mínimo porcentaje de los casos de neuroblastoma. Es más frecuente en lactantes de menos de 4-6 semanas de vida, y conlleva, al contrario que la norma del NB MS, mal pronóstico dadas las complicaciones que puede tener. En caso de síndrome compartimental abdominal se aconseja inicio rápido de tratamiento quimioterápico, asociando o no radioterapia para intentar reducir el tamaño del hígado, y en caso de ser necesario, laparotomía descompresiva. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con NB MS, hepatomegalia masiva y síntomas amenazantes para la vida, en la que la actitud quirúrgica que consiguió aliviar el síndrome de compresión intraabdominal consistió únicamente en paracentesis evacuadora.

Paracentesis como tratamiento descompresivo abdominal en neuroblastoma MS con hepatomegalia masiva / No disponible

El neuroblastoma MS (o 4S según la nomenclatura clásica) con hepatomegalia masiva supone un mínimo porcentaje de los casos de neuroblastoma. Es más frecuente en lactantes de menos de 4-6 semanas de vida, y conlleva, al contrario que la norma del NB MS, mal pronóstico dadas las complicaciones que puede tener. En caso de síndrome compartimental abdominal se aconseja inicio rápido de tratamiento quimioterápico, asociando o no radioterapia para intentar reducir el tamaño del hígado, y en caso de ser necesario, laparotomía descompresiva. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con NB MS, hepatomegalia masiva y síntomas amenazantes para la vida, en la que la actitud quirúrgica que consiguió aliviar el síndrome de compresión intraabdominal consistió únicamente en paracentesis evacuadora

Neuroblastoma MS with massive hepatomegaly is a small percentage of cases of neuroblastoma. It is more common in infants less than 4-6 weeks of life, and involves, in contrast to the standard of the NB MS, poor prognosis given the complications that can have. In the case of abdominal compartment syndrome it is recommended a quick start of chemotherapy, associating or not radiation therapy, to try to reduce the size of the liver, and if necessary, decompressive laparotomy. We present the case of a patient with NB MS, massive hepatomegaly and threatening symptoms for life, in which the surgical attitude that got relieve intra-abdominal compression syndrome consisted just in an evacuating paracentesis

Metastatic neuroblastoma in infants: are survival rates excellent only within the stringent framework of clinical trials?

Introduction. SIOPEN INES protocol yielded excellent 5-year survival rates for MYCN-non-amplified metastatic neuroblastoma. Patients deemed ineligible due to lack or delay of MYCN status or late registration were treated, but not included in the study. Our goal was to analyse survival at 10 years among the whole population. Materials and methods. Italian and Spanish metastatic INES patients’ data are reported. SPSS 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results. Among 98 infants, 27 had events and 19 died, while 79 were disease free. Five- and 10-year event-free survival (EFS) were 73 and 70 %, and overall survival (OS) was 81 and 74 %, respectively. MYCN status was significant for EFS, but not for OS in multivariate analysis. Conclusions. The survival rates of patients who complied with all the inclusion criteria for INES trials are higher compared to those that included also not registered patients. Five-year EFS and OS for INES 99.2 were 87.8 and 95.7 %, while our stage 4s population obtained 78 and 87 %. Concerning 99.3, 5-year EFS and OS were 86.7 and 95.6 %, while for stage 4 we registered 61 and 68 %. MYCN amplification had a strong impact on prognosis and therefore we consider it unacceptable that many patients were not studied for MYCN and probably inadequately treated. Ten-year survival rates were shown to decrease: EFS from 73 to 70 % and OS from 81 to 74 %, indicating a risk of late events, particularly in stage 4s. Population-based registries like European ENCCA WP 11-task 11 will possibly clarify these data (AU)

No disponible

Metastatic neuroblastoma in infants: are survival rates excellent only within the stringent framework of clinical trials?

INTRODUCTION: SIOPEN INES protocol yielded excellent 5-year survival rates for MYCN-non-amplified metastatic neuroblastoma. Patients deemed ineligible due to lack or delay of MYCN status or late registration were treated, but not included in the study. Our goal was to analyse survival at 10 years among the whole population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Italian and Spanish metastatic INES patients' data are reported. SPSS 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Among 98 infants, 27 had events and 19 died, while 79 were disease free. Five- and 10-year event-free survival (EFS) were 73 and 70 %, and overall survival (OS) was 81 and 74 %, respectively. MYCN status was significant for EFS, but not for OS in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The survival rates of patients who complied with all the inclusion criteria for INES trials are higher compared to those that included also not registered patients. Five-year EFS and OS for INES 99.2 were 87.8 and 95.7 %, while our stage 4s population obtained 78 and 87 %. Concerning 99.3, 5-year EFS and OS were 86.7 and 95.6 %, while for stage 4 we registered 61 and 68 %. MYCN amplification had a strong impact on prognosis and therefore we consider it unacceptable that many patients were not studied for MYCN and probably inadequately treated. Ten-year survival rates were shown to decrease: EFS from 73 to 70 % and OS from 81 to 74 %, indicating a risk of late events, particularly in stage 4s. Population-based registries like European ENCCA WP 11-task 11 will possibly clarify these data.

Mastocitosis cutánea difusa. Presentación de 3 casos y revisión de su manejo terapéutico / Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis. Presentation of 3 cases and therapeutic management review

No disponible

Exoftalmos unilateral de corta evolución. Una forma de debut de un neuroblastoma / Unilateral exophthalmos with short evolution. One way to debut a neuroblastoma

El neuroblastoma (NB) es el tumor extracraneal sólido más frecuente en la infancia. Representa el 7% de los cánceres pediátricos. Se origina de la cresta neural, y puede aparecer en cualquiera de los sitios anatómicos a lo largo de la cadena ganglionar simpática, así como en la glándula suprarrenal. El 90% ocurre en menores de 5 años. Presenta un amplio espectro de comportamiento clínico. Los estudios muestran metástasis orbitarias en el 10-20% de los casos. La proptosis y equimosis periorbitaria son consideradas dos de los signos clásicos del neuroblastoma en niños. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 4 años de edad con un neuroblastoma metastásico que se manifestó como una proptosis de corta evolución al diagnóstico, sin otro tipo de sintomatología ni hallazgos en la exploración física. Tras las pruebas complementarias, se la diagnosticó de neuroblastoma estadio IV de la INSS (The International Neuroblastoma Staying System). No se localizó el tumor primario. Se realizó tratamiento con quimioterapia de inducción, terapia de acondicionamiento y trasplante autólogo de progenitores hematopoyéticos, entrando en remisión completa. Posteriormente inmunoterapia, manteniendo enfermedad residual negativa. Queremos destacar la importancia de un diagnóstico precoz en esta patología de cara a la supervivencia del paciente, y que siempre debe considerarse el diagnóstico de NB ante un exoftalmos en un paciente previamente sano. El tratamiento de los pacientes con neuroblastoma de alto riesgo es multimodal, habiendo mejorado el pronóstico el uso combinado de inmunoterapia, ácido 13 cis-retinoico y trasplante autólogo de médula ósea

Neuroblastoma (NB) is an extracranial solid brain tumor found most frequently during childhood. It represents 7% of the pediatric cancers. It originates in the neural crest and can appear in any part of the anatomy along the ganglionic sympathetic chain, as well as in the adrenal gland. 90% of cases occur en children under the age of 5. It presents a broad spectrum of behavior. Studies have shown orbital metastases in 10-20% of cases. Proptosis and ecchymosis periorbitary are considered two classic signs of neuroblastoma in children. We are presenting a case of a 4 year old female patient with metastatic neuroblastoma that manifested like a proptosis of short evolution to its diagnosis, without any other type of symtomatololgy or findings in the physical exploration. After complementary tests she was diagnosed with stage IV neuroblastoma in the INSS (The International Neuroblastoma Staying System). The primary tumor was not located. Complete remission was obtained using induction chemotherapy, conditioning therapy and autologous hematopoietic progenitors transplant. After immunotherapy negative residual disease was maintained. We would like to highlight the importance of early diagnosis in this pathology facing the patient’s survival and must always consider the NB diagnosis when an exophthalmos presents in a previously healthy patient. Treatment in patients with high risk neuroblastoma is multimodal, having improved the prognosis by using a combination of immunotherapy, 13-cis-retinoic acid and the autologous bone marrow transplant

Tumores vasculares en la infancia / Infantile vascular tumors

La utilización en el pasado de una terminología imprecisa para designar a los tumores vasculares infantiles ha contribuido durante años a diagnósticos incorrectos y, como consecuencia, a tratamientos inadecuados. En la infancia pueden presentarse diferentes tipos de tumores vasculares, como los hemangiomas infantiles, que son con diferencia los más frecuentes, y otros mucho más raros, como los hemangiomas congénitos (rápidamente involutivo y no involutivo), el hemangioendotelioma kaposiforme, el angioblastoma o angioma en penacho, o el granuloma piógeno. Su correcto conocimiento y diagnóstico, siempre en el contexto de un equipo multidisciplinario, es imprescindible para reducir errores diagnósticos, exámenes complementarios y pruebas invasivas innecesarias, y así, si fuera preciso, recibir el tratamiento más indicado y efectivo en cada caso. En el presente artículo revisamos la evolución histórica en cuanto a la nomenclatura y clasificación de las lesiones vasculares, las diferentes características clinicopatológicas de cada uno de los tumores vasculares, los exámenes complementarios indicados para llegar a un correcto diagnóstico, su diagnóstico diferencial y los distintos tipos de tratamiento que existen con sus indicaciones más reconocidas, en el momento actual, para los diferentes tumores vasculares y situaciones clínicas concretas (AU)

The use in the past of an imprecise terminology to designate vascular tumors has contributed to its incorrect diagnosis, and as a consequence, to inadequate treatment. In childhood, different types of vascular tumors may be present. Hemangiomas of infancy are by far the most frequent, and other less common types are congenital hemangiomas (rapidly involuting or RICH and non-involuting or NICH), kaposiform hemangioendothelioma, angioblastoma or tufted angioma and pyogenic granuloma. The correct knowledge and diagnosis, always in a multidisciplinary setting, is required to reduce incorrect diagnosis, unnecessary complementary examinations and invasive tests, and for the patient to receive the most effective and precise treatment in each case. This article reviews the historical evolution, nomenclature and classification of vascular lesions, the different clinical and pathological characteristics of each vascular tumor, the complementary examinations required correct diagnosis, the differential diagnosis, as well as highlighting the treatment options currently available for different vascular tumors and related clinical conditions (AU)

Enterocolitis neutropénica en el niño con cáncer: nuestra casuistica y revisión de la literatura / Neutropenic enterocolitis in the child with cancer: our casuistics and review of the literature

Introducción: La enterocolitis neutropénica o tiflitis es una alteración de la región ileocecal con ausencia de infiltrado inflamatorio o tumoral y diferentes grados de afectación de la pared intestinal, típica de pacientes con tumores hematológicos afectos de neutropenia grave o prolongada secundaria a la quimioterapia. Objetivos: Revisar los casos de enterocolitis neutropénica diagnosticados en niños con cáncer del Hospital Universitario de Canarias (HUC) durante los últimos 6 años y medio y realizar una revisión actualizada de la literatura sobre el tema. Pacientes y métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de historias clínicas de los niños que padecieron tiflitis. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, tipo de neoplasia, protocolo de quimioterapia, y al diagnóstico de la tiflitis; número de días desde el último ciclo de quimioterapia (quimioterápicos recibidos), días de neutropenia, síntomas, método diagnóstico (grosor máximo de la pared intestinal), tratamiento y evolución. Resultados: De los 41 casos de tumores malignos tratados con quimioterapia, el 7,3% (n = 3) presentaron uno o más episodios de enterocolitis neutropénica (todos afectos de leucemia aguda; dos mieloblásticas y una linfoblástica).Todos eran varones, con una edad media de 11 años y medio. La clínica predominante fue dolor abdominal en el contexto de una neutropenia febril postquimioterapia. La confirmación diagnóstica se realizó mediante ecografía abdominal en dos casos y tomografía computarizada (TC) en los otros dos (media del grosor intestinal máximo: 11,5 mm). El tratamiento instaurado en todos los casos fue conservador, logrando una recuperación clínico-radiológica en el 100% de los pacientes. Conclusión: En todo niño con cáncer en tratamiento quimioterápico, especialmente en afectos de leucemia aguda, con neutropenia febril que además refiera dolor abdominal persistente, vómitos y/o diarrea, se debe sospechar una enterocolitis neutropénica, solicitar una ecografía y/o una TC abdominal urgente para confirmarla, e instaurar lo antes posible el tratamiento recomendado, logrando, así, una reducción significativa de la morbimortalidad que conlleva esta grave complicación (AU)

Background: Neutropenic enterocolitis or thyphlitis is a lesion of the ileocecal arca with lack of inflammatory or tumoral infiltration and different degrees of affection on the bowel wall. It is typical in patients with hematologic malignancies with prolonged or severe neutropema alter intensive chemotherapy. Objectives: Revise all neutropenic enterocolitis diagnosed at Hospital Universitario de Canarias (HUC) in the last six and a half years in children with cancer, and carry out an up today literature review. Patients and methods: Retrospective review of the medical histories to the children who had thyplitis. We analyzed the following data: age, sex, cancer type and chemotherapy protocol, and when thyplitis was diagnosed; days from the last cytotoxic chemotherapy cycle (anticancer drugs used), days of neutropenia, symptoms, diagnosis method used (maximum thickness on the bowel wall), treatment and evolution. Results: Forty one cases of malignant neoplasms were treated with chemotherapy and 7,3% (n = 3) had one or more episodes of neutropenic enterocolitis (all of them with acute leukemia, two myelogenus and one lymphoblastic). All of them were male, with an average age of 11 years and 6 months. The symptom more frequently seen was abdominal pain in a child with a febrile neutropenia alter intensive chemotherapy. The diagnosis confirmation was with abdominal ultrasonography (US) in two cases, and computed tomography (CT) in the other two ones (average thickness on the bowel wall was 11,5 mm). All the children recovered without problems with medical treatment. Conclusion: Any child with cancer treated with chemotherapy, especially with acute leukaemia, and febrile neutropenia associated with persistent abdominal pain, vomiting and/or diarrhea, we must suspect neutropenic enterocolitis, ask for an urgent abdominal US and/or CT to confirm the diagnosis, and start as far as possible the recommended treatment, achieving as that a significative morbimortality reduction so common in this severe complication (AU)

[Severe cerebellar mutism after posterior fossa tumor resection]. / Mutismo cerebeloso grave tras cirugía de un tumor de fosa posterior.

Cerebellar mutism is an infrequent but important complication after posterior fossa surgery in children. Dysarthria, irritability and ataxia are among the signs and symptoms of this disorder, which are usually mild and self-limiting. However, in severe cases, there can be impairment of higher-level cognitive functions, affecting the child's future personal and social relations. This disorder has been described in many other situations and consequently pediatricians should be familiar with its symptoms, physiopathology, diagnosis, degrees of severity, treatment, and prognosis, since a multidisciplinary approach is required. We present the case of a 5-year-old boy who underwent surgery for a low-grade ependymoma in the fourth ventricle; 48 hours after surgical resection, the boy developed irritability, cranial nerve involvement and stereotyped movements in the context of active hydrocephalus. His symptoms progressively improved 6 weeks after the intervention. We review the literature on cerebellar mutism and discuss the physiopathology of this disorder, which seems to confirm that the cerebellum not only acts as a simple coordinator of motor function, but also plays an important role in higher-level cognitive functions, such as language.

Mutismo cerebeloso grave tras cirugía de un tumor de fosa posterior / Severe cerebellar mutism after posterior fossa tumor resection

El mutismo cerebeloso es una complicación infrecuente pero con gran trascendencia en los niños intervenidos de cirugía de fosa posterior. Disartria, irritabilidad y ataxia, son parte de sus síntomas y signos, que suelen ser leves y autolimitados, pero en algunos casos graves, pueden alterarse funciones cognitivas superiores, pudiendo verse comprometidas las relaciones personales y sociales futuras del niño. Está descrito en otras situaciones, por lo que es importante para el pediatra el conocimiento de sus síntomas, fisiopatología, diagnóstico, grados de severidad y enfoque terapéutico, así como su pronóstico, dado que requiere de un tratamiento multidisciplinario. Presentamos el caso clínico de un niño de 5 años intervenido de un ependimoma de bajo grado localizado en el cuarto ventrículo, que desarrolló 48 h después de la resección quirúrgica, un cuadro consistente en mutismo, irritabilidad, afectación de pares craneales y movimientos estereotipados, en el contexto de una hidrocefalia activa. La clínica del paciente mejoró progresivamente a partir de 1,5 mes tras la intervención. Revisamos la bibliografía existente sobre el mutismo cerebeloso y discutimos su fisiopatología, que parece confirmar que el cerebelo no participa únicamente como un simple coordinador de la función motora, sino que desempeña un papel relevante en funciones cognitivas superiores, como el lenguaje

Cerebellar mutism is an infrequent but important complication after posterior fossa surgery in children. Dysarthria, irritability and ataxia are among the signs and symptoms of this disorder, which are usually mild and self-limiting. However, in severe cases, there can be impairment of higher-level cognitive functions, affecting the child's future personal and social relations. This disorder has been described in many other situations and consequently pediatricians should be familiar with its symptoms, physiopathology, diagnosis, degrees of severity, treatment, and prognosis, since a multidisciplinary approach is required. We present the case of a 5-year-old boy who underwent surgery for a low-grade ependymoma in the fourth ventricle; 48 hours after surgical resection, the boy developed irritability, cranial nerve involvement and stereotyped movements in the context of active hydrocephalus. His symptoms progressively improved 6 weeks after the intervention. We review the literature on cerebellar mutism and discuss the physiopathology of this disorder, which seems to confirm that the cerebellum not only acts as a simple coordinator of motor function, but also plays an important role in higher-level cognitive functions, such as language

[Neonatal neoplasms: a single-centre experience]. / Neoplasias neonatales: experiencia de un centro.

INTRODUCTION: Malignant tumors are uncommon in the neonatal period and benign tumors may have malignant potential. OBJECTIVES: To describe the neoplasms diagnosed and treated in newborns (

Neoplasias neonatales: experiencia de un centro / Neonatal neoplasms: a single-centre experience

Introducción Los tumores malignos en el período neonatal son poco frecuentes y los benignos pueden tener un potencial de malignización. Objetivos Revisar las neoplasias diagnosticadas y tratadas en recién nacidos (≤ 28 días de vida) en el Hospital Universitario de Canarias, su asociación con anomalías congénitas y valorar el diagnóstico prenatal. Pacientes y métodos Se revisaron de forma retrospectiva las historias clínicas de las neoplasias diagnosticadas durante la época neonatal en los últimos 25 años en nuestro centro. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: el porcentaje de neoplasias neonatales sobre el total de las registradas en niños menores de 14 años y su incidencia, sexo, año de diagnóstico, edad al diagnóstico clínico y si se había hecho diagnóstico prenatal, tipo de tumor (diagnóstico histológico), asociación a síndromes u otras malformaciones congénitas, tratamiento recibido y evolución posterior. Resultados Del total de 260 tumores diagnosticados en nuestra unidad desde 1980, 16 (6,1 %) han sido en la etapa neonatal, con una incidencia de 276,5 casos por 10 6 recién nacidos vivos. El 43,8 % eran varones y el 56,2 % mujeres, con una edad media al diagnóstico de 5,5 días de vida (límites entre 1 a 28 días). El diagnóstico fue prenatal en 5 neonatos (31,2 %), de los cuales hasta un 60 % se hizo en los últimos 7 años. Otros 5 recién nacidos fueron diagnosticados en la primera exploración neonatal. Los diagnósticos histopatológicos fueron: neuroblastoma (n = 5; 31,2 %), teratoma/tumor de células germinales (n = 4; 25 %), sarcoma de partes blandas (1 fibrosarcoma de muslo y 2 hemangiopericitomas, de espalda y cardíaco; 18,8 %), un nefroma mesoblástico, un caso de tumor cerebral (ependimoblastoma), un melanoma (asociado a un nevo melanocítico congénito gigante), y una leucemia aguda (asociada a síndrome de Down). El tratamiento recibido fue: sólo cirugía (n = 10; 62,5 %), cirugía más quimioterapia (n =5; 31,2 %) y uno sin tratamiento. La supervivencia global actuarial es del 87,5 %. De los supervivientes hasta un 33,3 % presentan algún tipo de secuela. Conclusiones Las neoplasias más frecuentemente diagnosticadas en el período neonatal fueron tumores sólidos como el neuroblastoma y teratomas/tumores de células germinales. El 12,5 % estuvieron asociadas con síndromes u anomalías congénitas. En los últimos 7 años se observa un avance en su diagnóstico prenatal. La mayoría respondieron a la terapia instaurada, principalmente cirugía, con un buen pronóstico a largo plazo

Introduction Malignant tumors are uncommon in the neonatal period and benign tumors may have malignant potential. Objectives To describe the neoplasms diagnosed and treated in newborns (≤ 28 days of life) in the Hospital Universitario de Canarias and their association with congenital abnormalities and to evaluate prenatal diagnosis of these tumors. Patients and methods The medical records of patients with neoplasms diagnosed during the neonatal period in the previous 25 years in our hospital were retrospectively reviewed. The variables analyzed were the percentage of neonatal neoplasms among the total number of cancer cases in children aged less than 14 years, their incidence among all the newborns in our hospital, sex, year of diagnosis, age at clinical diagnosis, the presence or absence of prenatal diagnosis, type of tumor (histologic diagnosis), association with syndromes or other congenital anomalies, treatment, and long-term outcome. Results Of 260 neoplasms diagnosed in our unit from 1980, 16 (6.1 %) were diagnosed in the neonatal period. The incidence of neonatal neoplasms was estimated to be 276.5 per million live births. Males accounted for 43.8 % and females for 56.2 %, with a mean age at diagnosis of 5.5 days (range 1-28 days). Five neonates (31.2 %) had a prenatal diagnosis, 60 % of which were made in the last 7 years of the study period. A further five newborns were diagnosed at the initial neonatal examination. Histologic diagnoses were neuroblastoma (n = 5; 31.2 %), teratoma/ germ cell tumor (n = 4; 25 %), soft tissue sarcoma (one fibrosarcoma of the thigh and two hemangiopericytoma of the back and heart; 18.8 %), and one case each of mesoblastic nephroma, cerebral tumor (ependymoblastoma), melanoma (associated with giant congenital melanocytic nevi), and acute leukemia (associated with Down syndrome). Treatment consisted of surgery alone (n = 10; 62.5 %) and surgery plus chemotherapy (n = 5; 31.2 %); one patient received no treatment. The overall actuarial survival rate was 87.5 %. Sequelae were observed in 33.3 % of survivors. Conclusions The neoplasms most frequently diagnosed in the neonatal period were solid tumors, mainly neuroblastoma and teratomas/germ cell tumors; 12.5 % were associated with syndromes or congenital anomalies. In the last 7 years, the prenatal diagnosis of these entities has improved. Most of the neoplasms responded to therapy, mainly surgery, and long-term outcome was favorable

[Assessment of the immigrant child]. / Valoración del niño inmigrante.

In the last twenty years Spain has turned into one of the principal countries recipients of foreign population. As consequence of this massive entry of people, our country is among the first ones of Europe for interannual increase of population. The concept of immigrant child is very wide and includes minors of very diverse characteristics, as the proceeding from international adoptions, the children coming from developing countries or those that come from other developed countries. The immigrant children do not represent health risk for the autochthonous population, on the contrary, they are in situation of defenselessness for their scanty vaccination coverages, their situation of marginality and the precarious sanitary systems of the countries of origin. At the moment of offering medical paediatric attention to foreign children, we must individualize our actions in conformity with the characteristics of each patient. It is not possible to simplify in one unique protocol the best studies to resolve a problem of health in an immigrant child. The attention of these children implies an overstrain for the pediatrician and the sanitary personnel that receives them, because it is necessary to conquer idiomatic, cultural and social barriers to optimize the level of health of these patients. The syndromic initial description can help to prioritize the studies in each case (according to the most probable diagnoses). The children who return to the native land of their parents meet in a special situation of risk, for not being prepared to resist the attack of pathogen that do not exist or are rare in Spain.

Valoración del niño inmigrante / Assessment of the immigrant child

En los últimos veinte años España se ha convertido en uno de los principales países receptores de población extranjera. Como consecuencia de esa entrada masiva de personas, nuestro país se encuentra entre los primeros de Europa en cuanto a incremento interanual de población. El concepto de niño inmigrante es muy amplio y engloba a menores de características muy diversas, como los procedentes de adopciones internacionales, los hijos de familias provenientes de países en vías de desarrollo o aquellos que vienen de otros países desarrollados. Los niños inmigrantes no representan un riesgo de salud para la población autóctona, muy al contrario, suelen estar en situación de desprotección por sus escasas coberturas vacunales, su situación de marginalidad y los precarios sistemas sanitarios de los países de los que proceden.A la hora de brindar atención médica pediátrica a niños extranjeros, debemos individualizar nuestras actuaciones conforme a las características de cada paciente. No se puede simplificar en un protocolo único los estudios a realizar ante un problema de salud en un niño inmigrante. La atención de estos niños implica un sobreesfuerzo para el pediatra y el personal sanitario que los recibe, pues hay que vencer barreras idiomáticas, culturales y sociales para conseguir optimizar el estado de salud de estos pacientes. La descripción sindrómica inicial puede ayudar a priorizar los estudios a realizar en cada caso (según los diagnósticos más probables).Los niños que regresan al país de origen de sus padres se ven en una especial situación de riesgo, por no estar preparados para defenderse de patógenos que no existen o son raros en España

In the last twenty years Spain has turned into one of the principal countries recipients of foreign population. As consequence of this massive entry of people, our country is among the first ones of Europe for interannual increase of population. ;;The concept of immigrant child is very wide and includes minors of very diverse characteristics, as the proceeding from international adoptions, the children coming from developing countries or those that come from other developed countries. ;;The immigrant children do not represent health risk for the autochthonous population, on the contrary, they are in situation of defenselessness for their scanty vaccination coverages, their situation of marginality and the precarious sanitary systems of the countries of origin. ;;At the moment of offering medical paediatric attention to foreign children, we must individualize our actions in conformity with the characteristics of each patient. It is not possible to simplify in one unique protocol the best studies to resolve a problem of health in an immigrant child. The attention of these children implies an overstrain for the pediatrician and the sanitary personnel that receives them, because it is necessary to conquer idiomatic, cultural and social barriers to optimize the level of health of these patients. ;;The syndromic initial description can help to prioritize the studies in each case (according to the most probable diagnoses). ;;The children who return to the native land of their parents meet in a special situation of risk, for not being prepared to resist the attack of pathogen that do not exist or are rare in Spain

[Posterior urethral valves, unilateral vesicoureteral reflux and renal dysplasia (VURD syndrome). Long-term follow-up of kidney function]. / Válvulas de uretra posterior, reflujo vesicoureteral unilateral y displasia renal (síndrome VURD). Seguimiento de la función renal a largo plazo.

Posterior urethral valves, unilateral vesicoureteral reflux and renal dysplasia (VURD syndrome) is an infrequent entity in childhood that has provoked multiple controversies. The shortage of studies that evaluate the long-term outcome in these children prompted up to write the present article. Three patients that met strict criteria for a diagnosis of VURD syndrome were retrospectively reviewed, with special emphasis on several indicators of renal function in these patients at diagnosis and in adulthood. The three patients currently have normal renal function, unlike a large percentage of patients diagnosed with posterior urethral valves with vesicoureteral bilateral reflux. Although the sample is small, our results support the hypothesis of good long-term renal function in affected children.

Válvulas de uretra posterior, reflujo vesicoureteral unilateral y displasia renal (síndrome VURD). Seguimiento de la función renal a largo plazo / Posterior urethral valves, unilateral vesicoureteral reflux and renal dysplasia (VURD syndrome). Long-term follow-up of kidney function

El síndrome VURD (posterior urethral valves, unilateral vesicoureteral reflux and renal dysplasia) es una entidad infrecuente en la infancia que ha suscitado controversias con el devenir de los años. La escasez de trabajos que evalúen el pronóstico a largo plazo de estos niños justifica la redacción de este artículo. Se han revisado retrospectivamente 3 casos que cumplen criterios estrictos de síndrome VURD, y se ha puesto especial atención a los diferentes indicadores de función renal de estos pacientes al diagnóstico y en la edad adulta. Los 3 casos expuestos presentan actualmente una función renal normal, al contrario de lo que ocurre con un importante porcentaje de los pacientes diagnosticados de válvulas de uretra posterior de uretra asociadas a reflujo vesicoureteral bilateral. A pesar de tratarse de una muestra escasa, se encontraron resultados que defienden la hipótesis del buen pronóstico final de los niños afectados de esta rara asociación

Posterior urethral valves, unilateral vesicoureteral reflux and renal dysplasia (VURD syndrome) is an infrequent entity in childhood that has provoked multiple controversies. The shortage of studies that evaluate the long-term outcome in these children prompted up to write the present article. Three patients that met strict criteria for a diagnosis of VURD syndrome were retrospectively reviewed, with special emphasis on several indicators of renal function in these patients at diagnosis and in adulthood. The three patients currently have normal renal function, unlike a large percentage of patients diagnosed with posterior urethral valves with vesicoureteral bilateral reflux. Although the sample is small, our results support the hypothesis of good long-term renal function in affected children